Lathe Machine is used in all the engineering applications and also in the college Workshops. Lathe machine is used to perform all the basic operations such as drilling, cutting, tapping, turning, etc. with the help of different tools placed in the work environment.
Here in this article, I am going to discuss the Lathe Machine along with its Definition, Parts, Types, Working Principle, Operations, Specifications, Applications, Advantages, and Disadvantages.
Lathe Machine is a machine tool that uses a cutting tool for removing the material from the surface of the workpiece which is held in the chuck for holding the workpiece and feed was provided by the tool on to the workpiece for the removal of material. It is the most versatile and widely used machine in industries, institutions, etc.
Now lets discuss the parts of lathe machine along with its accessories with the help of a Line diagram.
The Line Diagram of Lathe Machine is shown below:
The Parts of the lathe machine are as follows.
The detailed explanation of all the parts is as follows.
Material:
Grey C.I: It is used for manufacturing of bed of the machine because it has high damping qualities and rigid qualities.
Manufacturing Method:
Casting is a manufacturing method because it gives high damping qualities.
Shape:
The shape of the bed is selected such that the reduction in the rigidity of machine tool should be minimum and it should provide the maximum amount of the space.
The headstock is acting as a house for keeping some of the parts like transmission system, Prime mover, etc. and it also acts as a support for supporting the components at one side.
It is a work holding device used for holding the workpiece at one end.
Chuck Is classified into two types:
It is used for transmitting power from spindle to the lead screw at different speeds.
It is used in thread cutting operation for reducing multiples start of the thread with multiple cuts.
Split nut with the lead screw will be used for converting rotational movement into linear movement.
The carriage is the device used for carrying a moving part in a lathe machine globally.
It is used for moving the tool locally.
It is used for rotating the tool to perform the taper turning operation.
It is the device which is used for holding the tool.
It is used for supporting the workpiece at the other end.
For localized movement of the Dead Centre, Quill will be used.
In general, the axis of the Dead Centre will be coinciding with the axis of the spindle or chuck but sometimes to perform the taper turning operation, the dead center can be absent by moving the tailstock in the transverse direction.
The Lathe Machine Accessories are as follows.
The various types of lathe machines are as follows.
Lets study all the types of lathe in a detailed way along with its figure.
It is a small lathe machine which is mounted on the workbench that has all the parts of speed lathe and engine lathe.
As the name speed indicates that the headstock spindle is rotating with high speed. This machine does not have any feed mechanism like engine lathe and the speed ranges from 1200 RPM to 3600 RPM.
It is used in polishing, spinning, centering and machining of wood.
This machine works at a speed of 2500 rpm.
It is mainly used in die gauges, grindings, working on the tool where high accuracy is maintained.
It is an advanced version of Engien lathe machine and is used for mass production.
Instead of Tailstock, these machines are provided by hexagonal turret head in which multiple operations can be performed without changing the tool in a sequence.
The Capstan and Turret lathes are applicable only for larger components.
Less skilled operators also can do the job on this Capstan and Turret lathe.
This type of Center lathe machine was the basic machine and it will be used in many of the workshops too.
Various types of lathe operations can be performed on this machine like turning, taper turning, grooving, threading, knurling etc.
To do any operation on the lathe machine, the headstock is fixed and the tailstock can be movable depending upon the workpiece.
If the workpiece is small then there is no need of Tailstock and if the workpiece is large, then only there is a need of it to support the workpiece.
As the name indicates that it works its operations automatically, that is there is no need of operator during the performance of experiment.
Depending upon the operation, it can changes its tool automatically and there is no need to change the tool one operation after the other manually.
This type of lathes are applicable for heavy duty type and high speed.
The automatic lathe does various operations and can be applicable for mass productions.
Due to this automatic machines, a single operator can handles more than one machine effectievely.
As the name indicates that it is a Special Purpose lathe, which means that it can perform only special operations which are not performed by standard machines.
The Special prurpose lathe are applicable for heavy duty production.
Some of the special purpose lathes include Wheel lathes, Multi Spindle lathes, Vertical lathes, T-lathe, Tracer lathes, etc.
CNC stands for Computer Numerical Control.
The components produced by the CNC lathe are having high dimensional accuracy. No manual operators are required. Just a program is written in the form of G-Codes and M-Codes to run various operations on the components.
High accuracy is obtained compared to conventional lathe machine.
These are the various types of Lathe machines. Now lets see the working principle of it in a detailed way.
The basic function of the Lathe machine is to remove the material from the surface of the workpiece by the usage of cutting tools providing the necessary amount of feed and this can be done by placing the workpiece in the chuck which rotates with the help of a motor.
For Circular workpieces, Three Jaw Chuck will be used whereas for the Rectangular/Square workpieces, Four Jaw Chuck will be used for better stability.
The headstock consists of a Power transmission system where the action will be provided by engaging with suitable levers. It also consists of a chuck where it can hold the workpiece firmly.
For smaller workpieces, there is no need for Tailstock whereas, for larger workpieces/specimens, there is a need for it for supporting such that the workpiece can be fixed firmly without any vibrations during machining.
The tool is placed in the Toolpost and is perpendicular to the workpiece for removing the material from the circumference of the workpiece such that the diameter can be reduced.
When the power supply is given, the chuck starts rotating with the help of a power transmission system and the workpiece placed inside the chuck also rotates. With respect to the workpiece, the Tailstock is used. Now w.r.t. the type of operation, the tool is placed either perpendicular or angular to the workpiece.
For Turning operation, the workpiece and the tool are perpendicular to each other whereas, in the Taper turning operation, the tool and the workpiece are inclined to each other.
In this way, by giving the necessary amount of feed, material removal takes place. The speed can be increased by the levers in the Headstock by changing them w.r.t. the material removal.
The lathe machine can be performed Manually or Automatically. In small scale industries, we can go with manual operation whereas, in large scale industries, CNC machines are used where they can run automatically with the help of the program.
This is the detailed explanation on the Working of Lathe machine.
The operations which are performed on the lathe machine are called lathe operations and are as follows.
The detailed explanation of the above lathe operations was as follows.
The process of removing material from the circumference of the workpiece is called Turning Operation.
If the material is removed in terms of steps from the surface of the workpiece then it is called a Step turning operation.
The turning operation used for producing tapered components is called a taper turning operation.
The turning operation used for reducing the length of the component by removing the material from the face of the workpiece called a face turning operation.
The turning operation used for producing the threads on the surface of components is called as thread cutting operation.
It is an operation used for producing holes in the components.
It is an inter turning operation used for enlarging the existing hole by some amount called boring operation.
The Boring operation used for enlarging the end of the hole is called as counterboring.
Conical enlargement of an end of the hole is called a countersinking Operation.
Reaming is similar to drilling operation used for removing a small amount of material for sizing and finishing of the hole to get exact dimensions.
The maximum size of the hole produced by using in stages method of drilling operation is up to 50 mm only.
It is the operation of producing large size holes without drilling operation called the Trepanning.
Making the surface of the hole flat and Square for the proper sitting of the bolt head or nut is called Spot facing Operation.
Spot facing is done by using an end mill cutter with a drilling machine.
Honing is the finishing operation used for producing an excellent surface finish on the holes.
It is a pattern of straight, crossed or angled lines on the surface of the tool which is pressed against the workpiece such that it can forms an impression on the surface of workpiece. The holding of the workpiece will be better by this operation.
These are the different lathe Operations performed on the lathe machine with high dedication and accuracy.
The specifications of Lathe Machine are as follows.
The Applications of Lathe Machine are as follows.
The Advantages of Lathe Machine are as follows.
The limitations of lathe machine are as follows.
It is used for converting rotational movement into linear movement.
The Lathe is a machine tool which is used to do various operations such as turning, taper turning, knurling, threading, grooving etc.
Under Counter Lathe Machine, Rs. 1,55,000/-
Medium Duty Cone Pulley Lathe Machine, Rs. 92,000/-
Heavy Duty Cone Pulley Lathe Machine, Rs. 178,000/-
The types of lathe machines are Engine Lathe Machine, Speed Lathe Machine, Bench Lathe Machine, Toolroom Lathe Machine, Capstan, and Turret Lathe Machine.
The parts of the lathe machine are Headstock, Spindle, Chuck, Feed Gearbox, Thread Chasing Dial, Split nut, Carriage, Slideways with saddle, Compound rest, Toolpost and Tailstock.
The cutting tool is generally made from HSS (High-Speed Steel, an alloy of iron with chromium, tungsten, vanadium, and carbon).
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