This article of Fluid Mechanics questions and answers will be helpful to you when you are going for an interview in a core company.
Considering that, I had collected all the Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machinery which will be helpful to you in both aspects. One is for the case of Interview and the other is to pass the Viva of FMHM Lab.
So let's dive into the article!
It is a substance that deforms continuously for a small amount of shear force also whereas solids cannot deform with a small amount of shear force and thereby they can't come under fluids.
It is defined as the ratio of the mass of the substance to the volume of the substance. It is denoted by ρ.
ρ =m/v
Units = Kg/m3
It is defined as the ratio of the volume of the substance to the weight of the substance. It is also the reciprocal of density. It is denoted by ‘γ’.
It is defined as the ratio of the density of any fluid to the density of the reference fluid. It is denoted by “S”.
Sliq = ρ(any fluid)/ρ(water)
It is the reciprocal of Density which is defined as the ratio of Volume of the body to its unit mass. It is denoted by (ν)
Specific Volume(ν)= Volume of the body/unit mass.
Units of Specific Volume is m3/Kg
It is defined as the ratio of direct stress acting on a body to the volumetric strain. It is denoted by K.
K = direct stress / volumetric strain
It is a fluid having all ideal properties like no viscosity, no surface tension, incompressible, irrotational, etc.if this condition is satisfied then it is called an ideal fluid.
Note: Bulk modulus for ideal fluid is infinity.
It is the property of fluid by virtue of which it offers resistance for the movement of one layer over the other and it is because of Cohesion I .e.attraction between the two layers.
If the attraction between the two layers increases, resistance increases, and thereby the viscosity also increases.
The fluid which follows the Newtonian equation is called the Newtonian fluid and which does not follow is called a non-Newtonian fluid.
Newtonian Equation(τ) = µ(du/dy) = µ(dv/dy)
It is the property of the liquid surface film to exert tension. It is the force required to maintain unit length in equilibrium and it is represented by σ.
It is defined as the ratio of force acting on a body to its unit area. It is denoted by ‘P’
Note:
The rise or fall of fluid in a capillary tube is due to the molecular forces of attraction among the molecules and the glass wall is called capillarity action.
The different types of non-newtonian fluids are
For example, Milk, blood, paper pulp solution, liquid cement, etc.
For example, Drilling mud, sewage sludge, toothpaste, etc.
For these fluids, viscosity increases with an increase in time hence they will be called shear thickening fluids.
For these Fluids, the viscosity decreases with the lapse of time.
If all the properties do not change with respect to time then the flow is said to be a steady flow.
∂P/∂t = 0.
If even a single parameter changes with respect to time then the flow becomes an unsteady flow.
∂P/∂t ≠0.
If the fluid particles rotate about their mass center while moving forward the flow is said to be a rotational flow otherwise it is irrotational flow.
It is a line traced by a single particle over its entire journey is called a path line.
Ex. Observing only one particle direction throughout the flow.
The instantaneous picture of the position of all the particles at any instant of time is called a streak line.
For example, Rocket Propulsion,cigarette smoke etc.
It depends upon conservation of mass and it is defined as the mass flow rate at entering of the cross-section is equal to the mass flow rate at the exit.
A1V1 = A2V2
It is defined as the ratio of Circulation to Area of Cross-section.
Vorticity= Circulation / Area
As,Circulation= 2*Wz*Area
Therefore,Vorticity= [ 2*Wz*Area]/Area
Vorticity= 2*Wz
It is a function of space and time defined such that negative derivative with respect to any direction will give the component of velocity in that direction. It is represented as Φ.
-[ ∂Φ/∂x]= u ; -[ ∂Φ/∂y]= v ; -[ ∂Φ/∂z]= w
The negative sign indicates that the flow is always in the direction of decreasing potential.
It is a function of space and the time defined such that the derivative with respect to any direction will give the component of velocity at right angles in Counterclockwise direction. It is denoted by φ.
[∂φ/∂x]=v ; [ ∂φ/∂y]= -u
During valve closure, the momentum of flowing fluid will get disturbed and a pressure wave will generate and travels in an opposite direction with acoustic speed (C) with an audible sound (knocking) by hitting the walls called as Hammering effect.
Whenever an object was immersed either completely or partially, it will be lifted up by a buoyant force(FB)whose magnitude will be equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body called as Archimedes principle.
The FB acts vertically upward through the center of buoyancy. The center of buoyancy is a center of gravity for displaced volume.
T = FB -W
Whenever a real fluid flow over a solid boundary and because of no-slip condition, the fluid particle will get stick to the boundary. Hence the velocity of a particle will be equal to the velocity of a boundary.
If the object is at rest, the fluid particle velocity near the boundary will be zero and it is the Greater distance in a normal direction.
The fluid particle velocity keeps on increasing and reaches a maximum value at a distance of ∂. This zone where velocity gradient exists is the boundary layer zone.
Bernoulli's equation is based on the law of conservation of energy. It is defined as the sum of Potential energy head, Pressure energy head and Kinetic velocity energy head is constant when the liquid is flowing from one end to another end in a tube or pipe.
Z + (P/ρg ) + V2/2g = Constant
Here,
Z - Potential energy head
P/ρg - Pressure energy head
V2/2g - Kinetic velocity energy head
Ans. It is a line representing total available energy excluding losses is the total energy line.
Total Energy Line= (Z + (P/ρg ) + V2/2g)
The total energy line will be horizontal for ideal flow and for real fluid it always slopes downwards.
It is a line representing total available Piezometric energy. The hydraulic gradient line may rise or fall in the direction of flow.
Z + (P/ρg )= Piezometric line
Ans. It is the difference between Total energy line and Hydraulic gradient line.
Velocity head = Total energy line ~ Hydraulic gradient line
V2/2g = (Z + (P/ρg ) + V2/2g) ~ (Z + (P/ρg )
The pressure at the Summit will be minimum and that should not fall below vapour pressure to avoid Cavitation.
Ans. It is the distance by which the boundary has to be shifted in order to compensate the loss in flow rate on account of boundary layer formation is called displacement thickness and it is represented as δ*.
Momentum thickness is lost in the momentum and it is represented by “ϴ”
Energy is to compensate for the loss in energy And it is presented by δE
The different types of flow-through pipes are
Specific heat at Constant Pressure is defined as the ratio of Change in Enthalpy to Change in temperature at Constant Pressure.
Cp = (dh/dt)@Constant Pressure.
Specific heat at Constant Volume is defined as the ratio of change in Internal energy to Change in Temperature at Constant Volume. (Cv) = (dU/dT)@Constant Volume
It is defined as the ratio of specific heat at Constant Pressure to Specific heat at Constant Volume. It is represented by Gamma(γ)
γ = Cp/Cv.
The ‘γ‘ value is different for different gases and is as follows.
So these are the most probable important questions and answers to Fluid Mechanics and hydraulic machines. We will try to update this list every month, with some new questions and their answers.
Half of the book is missing. can u please add turbine part in it.
very useful..about fluid statics and dynamics....